As discussed in previous posts, the PCF8591 provides up to four analog inputs. Displaying these inputs as numbers makes it hard to visualise what is really going on so here I will present some code which can graph the values in real time.
I am still using my demo board from
I2C Analog to Digital Converter. (Thanks to
Martin X for finding the YL-40 the schematic on the
The BrainFyre Blog)
 |
| DX pcf8591-8-bit-a-d-d-a-converter-module-150190 YL-40 schematic |
It is not clear from the schematic (or looking at the board) but the four inputs are:
- AIN0 - Jumper P5 - Light Dependent Resistor (LDR)
- AIN1 - Jumper P4 - Thermistor
- AIN2 - Not connected
- AIN3 - Jumper P6 - Potentiometer
It also seems that the board has I2C pull-up resistors which are not required because the Raspberry Pi already has them. This does not appear to cause any problems.
So my plan is to graph the four inputs so I can visualise them responding to changes.
Once again, I don't want to set out to teach C programming but I will be introducing a library called
curses (actually ncurses) which makes it easy to display a text interface in a terminal window (virtual terminal).
It will also be able to adjust the analog output value using the + and - keys.
I will only add notes where I am doing something new from the example shown in
Programming I2C.
#include <stdio.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/ioctl.h>
#include <linux/i2c-dev.h>
We need a new header file
#include <ncurses.h>
int main( int argc, char **argv )
{
int i;
int r;
int fd;
unsigned char command[2];
unsigned char value[4];
useconds_t delay = 2000;
char *dev = "/dev/i2c-1";
int addr = 0x48;
int j;
int key;
Here we do some ncurses setup. This will allow us to check for a keyboard key press without having to wait for one to be pressed.
initscr();
noecho();
cbreak();
nodelay(stdscr, true);
curs_set(0);
This will print out a message on the screen (at the current cursor location which is the top left)
printw("PCF8591");
This will print out some labels for our graph bars. The text is printed at the specified location (row, column)
mvaddstr(10, 0, "Brightness");
mvaddstr(12, 0, "Temperature");
mvaddstr(14, 0, "?");
mvaddstr(16, 0, "Resistor");
We must now call refresh which will cause ncurses to update the screen with our changes
refresh();
fd = open(dev, O_RDWR );
if(fd < 0)
{
perror("Opening i2c device node\n");
return 1;
}
r = ioctl(fd, I2C_SLAVE, addr);
if(r < 0)
{
perror("Selecting i2c device\n");
}
command[1] = 0;
while(1)
{
for(i = 0; i < 4; i++)
{
command[0] = 0x40 | ((i + 1) & 0x03); // output enable | read input i
r = write(fd, &command, 2);
usleep(delay);
// the read is always one step behind the selected input
r = read(fd, &value[i], 1);
if(r != 1)
{
perror("reading i2c device\n");
}
usleep(delay);
The full range of the analog value 0 - 255 would not fit on most screens so we scale down by a factor of 4. This should fit on a 80x25 terminal nicely.
value[i] = value[i] / 4;
Position the cursor at the start of the bar
move(10 + i + i, 12);
For each position in the graph, either draw a * to show the value or a space to remove any * that might be there from a previous value
for(j = 0; j < 64; j++)
{
if(j < value[i])
{
addch('*');
}
else
{
addch(' ');
}
}
}
refresh();
Check the keyboard and process the keypress
key = getch();
if(key == 43)
{
command[1]++;
}
else if(key == 45)
{
command[1]--;
}
else if(key > -1)
{
break;
}
}
Shutdown ncurses
endwin();
close(fd);
printf("%d\n", key);
return(0);
}
To compile this program you need to use a new flag -l which says to link with the spcecified library (ncurses)
gcc -Wall -o pcf8591d-graph pcf8591d-graph.c -lncurses
When you run the program you should see something like this:
PCF8591
Brightness *****************************************************
Temperature *******************************************************
? *********************
Resistor *****************************************
While it is running the graphs should move as you change the inputs. Try for example shining a torch on the LDR or adjusting the Pot.
You can adjust the green LED with + and - (hint, use - to go from 0 to 255 for maximum effect). Any other key will cause the program to quit.
The graph shows nicely how the inputs can change but it also shows how the value can fluctuate without any input changes. I can't explain exactly why but I would expect much of the fluctuation is because of the lack of a stable external clock/oscillator and/or instability in the reference voltage. Needless to say this is a low cost demo board and may not be exploiting the full potential of the PCF8591.
Here is the complete source code (
pcf8591d-graph.c):
#include <stdio.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <sys/ioctl.h>
#include <linux/i2c-dev.h>
#include <ncurses.h>
int main( int argc, char **argv )
{
int i;
int r;
int fd;
unsigned char command[2];
unsigned char value[4];
useconds_t delay = 2000;
char *dev = "/dev/i2c-1";
int addr = 0x48;
int j;
int key;
initscr();
noecho();
cbreak();
nodelay(stdscr, true);
curs_set(0);
printw("PCF8591");
mvaddstr(10, 0, "Brightness");
mvaddstr(12, 0, "Temperature");
mvaddstr(14, 0, "?");
mvaddstr(16, 0, "Resistor");
refresh();
fd = open(dev, O_RDWR );
if(fd < 0)
{
perror("Opening i2c device node\n");
return 1;
}
r = ioctl(fd, I2C_SLAVE, addr);
if(r < 0)
{
perror("Selecting i2c device\n");
}
command[1] = 0;
while(1)
{
for(i = 0; i < 4; i++)
{
command[0] = 0x40 | ((i + 1) & 0x03); // output enable | read input i
r = write(fd, &command, 2);
usleep(delay);
// the read is always one step behind the selected input
r = read(fd, &value[i], 1);
if(r != 1)
{
perror("reading i2c device\n");
}
usleep(delay);
value[i] = value[i] / 4;
move(10 + i + i, 12);
for(j = 0; j < 64; j++)
{
if(j < value[i])
{
addch('*');
}
else
{
addch(' ');
}
}
}
refresh();
key = getch();
if(key == 43)
{
command[1]++;
}
else if(key == 45)
{
command[1]--;
}
else if(key > -1)
{
break;
}
}
endwin();
close(fd);
printf("%d\n", key);
return(0);
}
